The Golden Ocean

The Golden Ocean

First edition
Author	Patrick O'Brian
Language	English
Genre	Historical novel
Publisher	Rupert Hart-Davis
Publication date	1956
Publication place	United Kingdom
Pages	288
OCLC	30111434
Followed by	The Unknown Shore

The Golden Ocean is a 1956 historical novel by Patrick O'Brian. It tells the story of a novice midshipman, Peter Palafox, who joins George Anson's voyage around the world beginning in 1740. Palafox is a Protestant Irish boy from the west coast of Ireland, schooled by his father, a churchman, and eager to join the Royal Navy. He learns naval discipline and how to determine his ship's position at sea as part of a large berth of midshipmen on HMS Centurion. His friend Sean O'Mara joins with him, considered his servant initially by officers and put among the seamen, rising in rank as he shows his abilities, to bosun's mate.

The book contains a wealth of period detail, and includes historical figures, like Anson, the midshipman Keppel, Mr Walter, the chaplain to Anson and kind guide and keeper of the purse for Peter Palafox, and captains of other vessels in the squadron.

Reviews in 1994 found it not a mature work from the author, but showing signs of "the Conradian force that shows where O'Brian was headed as a narrative writer." Another reviewer felt this novel showed nearly "all the naval lore and sense of place that grace the Aubrey/Maturin books". Two reviewers felt that all readers "will be swept up by the richness of O'Brian's prodigious imagination", and it was "A humorous adventure for all collections."

Plot

Peter Palafox is the son of an Irish Protestant clergyman, educated and considered to be a gentleman, though very poor. In Spring 1740, through the influence of Mr Walker, a Royal Naval chaplain and friend of his father, Peter is appointed midshipman aboard Mr Walker's own ship, HMS Centurion. He is joined by his friend Sean O'Mara, the son of his nurse, and by Peregrine FitzGerald, a fashionable young man of about Peter's age.

On arrival at Sprithead, they report for duty. Peter and FitzGerald are directed to the midshipmen's berth, while Sean, taken to be Peter's servant, is accepted as a common seaman. Peter learns he was expected to have brought his own sea chest, navigation instruments, and a uniform – none of which he can possibly afford. Fortunately, Mr Walker recognises that the decorative green stone that Peter wears at his throat is a valuable emerald, the sale of which allows him to purchase the required items.

HMS Centurion is the flagship under Commadore Anson of a squadron (Centurion, Gloucester, Severn, Pearl, Wager, Tryal and the victualling ships Anna and Industry) that has been instructed by the Admiralty to travel around Cape Horn to the 'Golden Ocean' (the Pacific). There, they are to harry Spanish merchants off the Coast of Patagonia, and to attempt to take the Acapulco Galleon, a vastly rich Spanish treasure ship that plies a regular route between Manila and Acapulco. Anson is shocked to learn from Peter that this supposedly-secret mission is common knowledge along the Irish coast, as is the fact that the Spanish have launched their own squadron in response, under Pizarro.

Gradually Peter learns naval discipline and manages to control his temper when other midshipmen insultingly refer to him as 'Teague'. Fitzgerald, however, proves utterly unsuited to life at sea, and when the squadron reaches Madeira he leaves the ship. Peter misses his friend, and his fellow midshipmen rally round: Eliott helps with his studies in navigation and Ransome with knots, while Keppel keeps his spirits up with his good humour. Many crew members die of fever during the Atlantic crossing; Peter succumbs, but recovers during a stop for repairs at St Catherine's Island, Brazil.

The rounding of Cape Horn – a passage rarely achieved by English sailors – consists of an unimaginably difficult thirty-eight days of ceasless storms, mountainous seas, strong currents, dense fogs and bitter cold, all to be dealt with short-handed as the crews are ravaged by scurvy. Elliot dies. The ships are separated, and several are assumed lost. Pizarro's fleet is sighted. At last, the remaining ships consider themselves safely round the Horn and 200 miles clear of land, only to realise that they are in fact hard against the rocky Patagonian shore.

Only Centurion, Gloucester, Tryal and Anna make it to the safety of Juan Fernandez in Chile, where they recuperate for several months. Peter counts the losses from those ships alone: 961sailed, 626 dead. The Crews of Wager, Severn and Pearl must be assumed lost. Peter spends his second birthday as a midshipman. Sean has been promoted to captain of the foretop.

The reduced squadron sails north into Spanish-controlled regions. Tryal captures a Spanish merchant ship, the captured vessel replacing the damaged Tryal. They take the coastal city of Paita, as well as another merchant ship. Continuing North, the squadron positions itself offshore to intercept its ultimate prize: the Acapulco Galleon. But it appears that the squadron has been spotted, and the galleon never sails. From Mexico, Anson heads East across the Pacific, following his instructions to circumnavigate the globe. The storm-damaged Gloucester is burned at sea, and her crew taken aboard Centurion, the only ship now remaining. Scurvy sets in quickly during the passage, and many more men die. Peter, who is suffering himself, calculates that the ship cannot not make it if the rate of deaths continues.

At last, in September 1742, Centurion arrives at the small island of Tinian, where the remaining crew's health is improved by the fresh food. A hurricane drives Centurion offshore, stranding many of the crew, but those remaining onboard are just able to sail her back in a damaged state, three weeks later. The final stop is Macao in China, where the ship is re-fitted. Mr Walker and several of the other officers leave to take a merchant ship on the well-travelled route back to England.

All hands relax as the Centurion sails on the first leg of its journey home. But at soon as they are at sea, Commodore Anson makes a quite unexpected announcement: they will try again for the Acapulco Galleon, before she reaches Manila. Sailing East, Centurion waits for the galleon, and on 20 June 1743 the ships engage in close battle. After two and a half hours, the galleon strikes her colours and surrenders. She is carrying 1,313,843 pieces of eight, and 35,682 ounces of silver and plate.

Sean is promoted to bosun's mate, responsible for guarding the treasure during the year's voyage home. After Centurion and the prize take on experienced Dutch seamen at Cape Town, their return is rapid. Peter and Sean are paid their shares of the prizes. Peter gives his father the round sum of 1,000 pounds, which will lift his family from genteel poverty.

Principal characters

• Peter Palafox: Son of the Protestant clergyman and wife née Dillon, he has an appointment letter as midshipman on HMS Centurion under Commodore Anson. He was raised in Ballynasaggart in Connaught on the coast, very poor but well educated by his father, speaking English, Irish, Latin and Greek.
• Sean O'Mara: He comes along for the excitement and the glory, son of Peter's nurse.
• Liam: Uncle to Sean and tenant to Peter's father ("farms my father's glebe"), who rides with them to Cork, and takes the horses home.
• Mr Walter: He was in seminary with Peter's father. He secured the appointment for Peter and is Chaplain aboard ship. He is modelled on the real person, Chaplain to Commodore Anson.
• Peregrine FitzGerald: He is a boy in powdered red hair with a strong sense of honour and offence. He sails to England with Peter, also to be midshipman on Centurion; he is very sea-sick and slow to take to the discipline. He leaves the ship at Funchal, Madeira to join the merchants of the East India Company. He leaves behind his cold weather clothes, a boon to Peter and Sean.
• Commodore Anson: He leads the squadron and is captain of HMS Centurion, a strong leader.
• Mr Keppel: He is already 5 years at sea, a midshipman since age 10, who appears so very young to Peter, and a character from history who rose high in the navy and in society.
• Mr Ransome: He is an older boy in the midshipmen's berth, once in the crew and promoted by Anson. He is tall and strong and at sea since age 8.
• Mr Elliot: Midshipman who helps Peter to understand the trigonometry after Funchal. He dies of scurvy while ship goes so slowly around Cape Horn.
• Mr John Byron: Midshipman aboard Wager, who Peter meets at dinner with the Commodore.
• Mr Saunders: First lieutenant of the Centurion, who often corrects Peter in his duty. He is later promoted to captain on another ship in the squadron.
• Mr Pascoe Thomas: He is schoolmaster for the midshipman, who is long in his position, after 35 years teaching boys at sea.
• Mr Blew: Master for the Centurion, who teaches navigation to the midshipmen.
• Mr Saumarez: He is a lieutenant aboard HMS Centurion, who holds Mr Saunders place when he is sent to be captain on HMS Tryal. He is based on a real person in the Royal Navy.

Ships

Anson's squadron

• HMS Centurion: fourth-rate ship of 1,005 tons, 60 guns, 400 men and the flagship
• HMS Gloucester: 853 tons, 50 guns, 300 men
• HMS Severn: 853 tons, 50 guns, 300 men
• HMS Pearl: 600 tons, 40 guns, 250 men
• HMS Wager: 599 tons, 24 guns, 120 men
• HMS Tryal: 200 tons, 8 guns, 70 men
• Anna and Industry: two store ships meant to part when the stores could be transferred to the squadron

Spanish

• Manila Galleon Nuestra Señora de la Covadonga: 42 guns, 550 men

Reviews

Reviews collected were written in 1994 when W W Norton republished the 1956 novel, and more than half of the Aubrey-Maturin series novels had been published. Reviewers viewed the novel as it stood and in contrast to the author's later level of accomplishments in that series.

Publishers Weekly, writing in 1994, says this first sea novel by O'Brian "can stand on its own as an entertaining and psychologically astute narrative". They see in this 1956 novel "practically all the naval lore and sense of place that grace the Aubrey/Maturin books". Specifically, "Shipboard life rings true, the story never flags and humor abounds: "Well, he is a wonderful poacher for a Protestant," observes one Anglo-Irishman.

Kirkus Reviews finds this novel "Not a mature piece of work, but appealing enough to satisfy fans of O'Brian's naval sagas."

Tom Clark writing in the Los Angeles Times says that "evidently in keeping with an aim of appealing to a younger audience, the darker aspects of the crew's experience are played down in favor of a robust and exhilarating rendering of the great adventure of it all." It is a first sea novel with a young boy as the main character, but "if there's any character in The Golden Ocean with heavyweight potential, it's the sea itself, whose power as a kind of fate is rendered with the Conradian force that shows where O'Brian was headed as a narrative writer." Clark notes that "At least two of those accounts, those of Anson's chaplain, Richard Walter, and of a young Irish midshipman, John Philips, appear to have supplied O'Brian much of what he needed to paint with charming pictorial realism the life both above and below decks on Anson's flagship Centurion."

Library Journal noted that this book by O'Brian "set the course they [Aubrey-Maturin series] later followed." It is recommended for all ages: "A humorous adventure for all collections."

Scott Veale writing in The New York Times was upbeat about this novel, saying that "As always, the author's erudition and humor are on display, whether he's describing the singing of the masts in the wind, the harrowing seas of Cape Horn or 18th-century superstitions." Veale found the period detail to be "uncompromising", and expected that readers "will be swept up by the richness of O'Brian's prodigious imagination."

Background

The same expedition is described from the perspective of two on one of the ships in the squadron that did not make it around the globe in O'Brian's The Unknown Shore. It focusses on the ship HMS Wager and different main characters, including John Byron, then a midshipman, age 18. Mr Walter the chaplain wrote his own account of the voyage of Anson, noted by Clark (above) as one of O'Brian's historical sources for this novel and the interactions among the officers and crew. An original copy was at auction in 2009.

In 1969, O'Brian published Master and Commander, the first book in a 20 novel series, known as the Aubrey-Maturin series.

Allusions to history and real places

The story is based on a real event, George Anson's voyage around the world that began in 1740. Places named in Ireland, England, Madeira, the Pacific coast of South America, Manila, Macau and Canton in China are real, including St. Catherine's Island off Brazil at 24 degrees South latitude, shown on this map.

The Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de la Covadonga, after the battle, was sold at Macau and the treasure transferred to Centurion, which proceeded to England after a brief rest, arriving there in June 1744.

Publication history

Rupert Hart-Davis published many of O'Brian's works, including translations (e.g., Papillon and Banco: The Further Advancement of Papillon in 1970 and 1973), The Road to Samarcand, The Golden Ocean, The Unknown Shore and short stories from 1953 to 1974. In 1994, The Golden Ocean was re-issued by HarperCollins in the UK and W W Norton in the US.

External links

• Model of HMS Centurion